Human
culture characterized by the development of science and technology rapidly that
a result the role and influence of Western philosophical thought. Early in its
development, the days of ancient Greece, philosophy identified with science.
The point is between philosophical thinking and science are not separated, so
that all human thought which emerged at that time called philosophy. In the Middle Ages, became synonymous with
the philosophy of religion, philosophical thought at the time that it becomes one
with church dogma. In the 15th century came the Renaissance was followed by
Aufklaerung the 18th century that brought changes to the philosophical outlook.
At this time separating themselves from the philosophy of religion, so that
makes people come forward and speak without fear they will be punished by the
church. Modern secular philosophy remains as the Renaissance, the difference is
that in this age of science split from philosophy and began to develop into
several branches that happen quickly. Even in the 20th century, science began
to develop into a variety of specialties and sub-specialties.
Science is a system initially
developed to determine the state of the environment disekitanya. Moreover,
science is also created to help people's lives easier. In the 20th century, and
towards the 21st century, science has become something substantive that
dominate human life. However, not only that, science has developed so rapidly
that also has caused a humanitarian crisis in life. It is driven by the tendency
of human problem solving more bersifsat sector. One attempt to solve the
increasingly complex problems that humanity is to study the development of
philosophical thinking.
Development of western philosophy
is divided into a number of periodization is based on the dominant
characteristics of the era. Those periods are:
1. 1.
Ancient Greece (Ages 6SM-6M)
Characterize the thinking is
cosmocentric, which questioned the origin of the universe and the universe as
an effort to discover the origin (arche) which is an element of the onset of
symptoms. And several prominent philosophers of our times expressed his opinion
about the arches, among others:
• Thales (640-550 BC): arche form of water
• Anaximander (611-545 BC): arche form apeiron (the
infinitive)
• Anaximenes (588-524 BC): arche be air
• Pythagoras (580-500 BC): arches can be explained on the
basis of numbers.
In addition to the above four
figures there are two philosophers, namely Herakleitos (540-475 BC) and
Parmindes (540-475 BC) who questioned whether the reality was changed, not into
something permanent. Another Greek thinker is one who was instrumental in the
development of science is Democritus (460-370 BC) which asserts that reality
consists of many elements called atoms (atomos, from a-not, and Tomos-divided).
In addition, the philosopher Socrates is often discussed (470-399 BC) who
directly use the direct method of philosophy in everyday life known as
dialectic (dialegesthai) which means conversing. It is also passed on by Plato
(428-348 BC). And philosophical thought this time culminating in a Aristotle
(384-322 BC) who said that the main task of science is the search for the
causes of the investigated object. He also believes that every event must have
a four because, among other causes of material, formal cause, efficient cause
and the final cause.
1. 2. Middle
Ages (6-16M)
Thinking characteristic of our
times is theocentric use of philosophical thinking to strengthen Christian
religious dogma. At the time of European thought is constrained by the
necessity of compliance with religious teachings. Philosophy of Augustine
(354-430) were influenced by Plato, is a philosophical thought that discussed
the state took part, namely the idea that knowledge creation is a state that is
part of God's ideas. While Thomas Aquinas (1125-1274) who follow a philosophy
of Aristotle, the theory of the creation which God produces creation out of
nothing. In addition, the creation also means constantly producing and
maintaining creation.
1.3. The Renaissance (14-16M)
Is an age concerned in the arts,
philosophy, science and technology. This era is also known as the return of the
era of human liberty in thought. Figures such as the philosopher of this age is
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) who argued heliosentrisme theory, in which the
sun is the center of the universe. And Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who pioneered
the philosophy of science with the famous expression "knowledge is
power"
1. 4. Modern Age (17-19M)
Patterned anthropocentric
philosophy of this age, which makes the human being as the center of attention
of philosophical inquiry. In addition, the main topic is the problem of
epistemology.
1. a. Rationalism
This stream found sense is a
source of adequate knowledge and trustworthy. Experience is only used to
corroborate the truth of the knowledge that has been gained through reason. One
of the characters was Rene Descartes (1598-1650) who is also the founder of
modern philosophy, known by his statement Cogito Ergo Sum (I think, therefore I
am). Descartes method used is called the a priori which literally means based
on the things that precede. The point is to use this method as if the man had
to know for sure all the symptoms that occur.
1. b.
Empiricism
Stated that the source of
knowledge is experience, both physically and spiritually. Sense only function
and duty to manage and process the data obtained from the experience. The
method used is a posteriori or a method based on the things that happen in
later. Spearheaded by Francis Bacon who introduced the experimental method.
1. c. Criticism
A theory of knowledge that seeks
to unite the two different views between Rationalism and Empiricism pioneered
by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). He argues that the knowledge gained is the result
of the cooperation between the two components, namely the nature of sensory
experience and how to cultivate the impression that would cause the
relationship between cause and effect.
1. d. Idealism
Starting from the union of two
different Idealism between Subjective Idealism (Fitche) and Objective Idealism
(Scelling) by Hegel (1770-1931) became the philosophy of absolute idealism.
Hegel argues that the mind is the essence of nature and nature is the whole
soul diobyektifkan. The principle of idealism is the belief of the meaning and
structure of thought in the world which is the basic intuition.
1. e. Positivism
Founded by Auguste Comte
(1798-1857) who only accept the facts found to be positively scientific.
Well-known motto is Prévoir pour savoir, which means to know to be ready for
action. The point is that people should be aware of the symptoms and the
relationships between symptoms so that he can predict what will happen. This
philosophy is also known for its schools of empiricism-critical, observations
with theory go hand in hand. He divided the society into social statics and
social dynamics.
1. f. Marxism
Its founder was Karl Marx
(1818-1883) is the flow of his philosophy is a blend of the dialectical method
of Hegel and Feuerbach. Marx taught that history is run by a logic of its own,
and the history of the motor consists of social economic laws. For him
philosophy is not just about knowledge and the will, but the actions, ie commit
a change, not just to interpret the world. That needs to be changed is the
protelar should be able to take over the role of the bourgeois and capitalist
revolution through, so that people are no longer oppressed.
1. 5.
Contemporary Period (20th century onwards)
The bottom line is known as logosentris, the text becomes
a central theme of the discourse of the philosophers. This is because the
expressions of philosophy tends to be confusing and difficult to understand.
Though the task of philosophy is not just to make a statement about something,
but also solve the problems arising from misunderstanding of the logic language,
and give a logical explanation on the ideas expressed.
At this time appeared various schools of philosophy and
most of these streams is a continuation of the schools of philosophy that had
developed in previous times, such as Neo-Thomism, Neo-Marxism, Neo-Positivism
and so on.
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